This issue highlights the urgent need for stakeholders to address the critical intersections of gender, climate, and security. The Global Climate Security (GCS) Policy Report presents a framework for understanding these complex linkages and calls for future research and funding focused on gender and climate, energy transitions, and just transitions. Climate change acts as a "threat multiplier," intensifying vulnerabilities, particularly in fragile regions where governance is weak. The combined pressures of climate and socio-political stresses threaten peace, demanding coordinated action to build resilience and support inclusive peace processes.

This issue explores how AI can address the triple threats of economic crises, climate change, and civil conflict. AI-driven models can improve food price stability, enhance resource management, and aid in forecasting and early intervention to prevent conflict. By incorporating insights from the informal economy, AI supports more inclusive policies and targeted support for vulnerable populations. The Role of AI in Fostering Resilience

AI technology can strengthen community resilience by addressing macroeconomic, environmental, and social shocks. Through AI-driven insights, stakeholders can foster stability, security, and equity across societies.

This issue examines how tax policy affects climate resilience in developing nations, where balancing environmental action with economic equity is challenging. Environmental taxes, like carbon taxes, often increase costs for low-income communities, as seen in cases like Nigeria and Mexico. Targeted relief measures, such as cash transfers, can help, yet narrow tax bases and evasion hinder revenue collection for climate initiatives.

In this review issue, we discussed how progressive tax approach, taxing luxury goods and financial transactions while lowering taxes on essentials, could reduce burdens on vulnerable populations. International cooperation is also needed to ensure fair tax systems and sustainable funding for climate resilience.

Climate change intensifies challenges in African cities like Lagos and Accra, with women disproportionately affected due to gender roles and socio-economic inequalities. Poor infrastructure—such as outdated drainage and waste management—leads to frequent flooding in low-income areas, burdening women who manage household water and caregiving tasks. This added responsibility limits their economic opportunities, reinforcing poverty cycles. This article emphasizes the need for gender-sensitive urban planning to address these unique vulnerabilities and build climate-resilient African cities.

Climate change exacerbates governance and economic issues across Nigeria, especially impacting poverty, livelihoods, and natural resource competition. In Northern Nigeria, desertification, rising temperatures, and erratic rainfall reduce agricultural productivity, sparking violent conflicts over land and water, particularly between farmers and pastoralists. Women, heavily involved in farming, face shrinking resources, limiting their economic stability and increasing their vulnerability to gender-based violence. As they shoulder water and fuelwood collection responsibilities, the scarcity of resources further strains their livelihoods and security.

In Nigeria, women's economic exclusion contributes to instability and weak governance. Persistent poverty, civil conflict, and marginalization of women exacerbate social grievances and hinder national stability. Research shows that countries with significant gender-based economic inequality, like Nigeria, are more prone to conflict. Nigerian women face barriers to economic participation, with limited access to education, employment, and financial services. Increasing female workforce participation is vital for stability, making gender equality in economic participation a key governance strategy for fragile states like Nigeria.

Care work in the Global South is essential yet often invisible, serving as the unacknowledged backbone of economic and social systems. Despite its importance, it is marginalized in policy and urban planning, disproportionately burdening women. This unequal distribution of care responsibilities leads to "time poverty," limiting women's access to education, formal employment, and political participation, thereby hindering gender equality and inclusive growth.

Urban environments exacerbate care challenges due to inadequate childcare, eldercare facilities, and inefficient public transit. Traditional urban planning prioritizes economic growth over care needs, further straining women’s capacity to participate in public and economic life. Reimagining urban design to center care as a societal priority can ease these burdens, promote gender equity, and foster more inclusive and balanced labor markets.

Climate change impacts societies in complex ways, extending beyond environmental degradation to influence social and economic dynamics. While traditional research often focuses on overt conflicts caused by resource scarcity, less attention is given to how climate change exacerbates gendered economic and social violence against women. This indirect violence stems from structural inequalities that disadvantage women, deepening cycles of poverty and exclusion. Using Johan Galtung’s concept of "structural violence," the article highlights how climate-induced stresses worsen women’s socio-economic vulnerability through exclusion from financial decision-making, limited access to resources, and discriminatory inheritance laws. Addressing these issues requires gender-sensitive policies to fully understand and mitigate climate change's broader impacts.

The theory of power, as it relates to environmental security and women’s economic empowerment, explores how gender, societal norms, and power dynamics intersect. Power extends beyond control over decisions and resources to include subtle forms of influence and resistance within social, cultural, and economic systems. Women’s roles in environmental security are shaped by these dynamics, highlighting both constraints and opportunities within patriarchal structures.

Power differences among women can act as both uniting and dividing factors, amplified by societal expectations about their roles in economic and social domains. Women’s lived experiences shed light on broader power relations, showcasing their economic agency as a way to engage with, resist, or adapt to unequal structures. This adaptation often reflects resilience rather than passive acceptance. Additionally, internalization of subordinate roles can serve as a survival mechanism, while grievances over inequality often drive activism and advocacy, challenging systemic oppression and creating pathways for change.